OBSERVARE

Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022)

219

NOTES

PRESERVATION OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE:

EXPERIENCE AND MODERN TRENDS

ALEXANDRA BORISOVNA EGOREICHENKO

arsvitae133@gmail.com

Cand.Sc. (Political Science) and an Assistant of the Department of International Humanitarian

Relations, Faculty of International Relations at the Saint Petersburg State University (Russian

Federation). Her professional experience is more than 3 years. The sphere of her scientific

interests includes such topics as international cultural heritage, European culture, cultural

communication, multiculturalism and urban studies

1. Introduction

European cultural heritage is a rich and diverse mosaic of cultural and creative

manifestations, a legacy from past generations. It includes natural, built and

archaeological sites, museums, monuments, works of art, historical cities, literary,

musical and audiovisual works, as well as the knowledge, practices and traditions of

European citizens.

Policy in this area primarily depends on the EU member states, regional and local

authorities, supranational institutions, as well as their strategies and programs. The EU

seeks to popularize cultural heritage sites and provide wide access to them, trains

specialists in this field, develops conservation and restoration methods, as well as

coordinates the efforts of European states and private actors.

According to the 2017 Eurobarometer survey on cultural heritage, 73% of respondents

live near cultural heritage sites, 51% regularly visit them, 68% think that the presence

of a cultural heritage site can have an influence on their holiday destination, 68% would

like to know more about cultural heritage, and 84% consider cultural heritage to be

important to them personally and for the community as a whole (Eurobarometer Report

466, 2017).

There are many world cultural heritage sites on the territory of Europe, which make up

almost half of the UNESCO tangible cultural heritage list. Italy, Spain, France and

Germany are at the top of the list of countries with the largest number of such sites. Italy

is a leader in the number of World Heritage Sites.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

220

The cultural heritage of the prehistoric era is represented in Europe by such objects as

the Lascaux Cave (France), the rock drawings of Valcamonica (Italy), the Altamira Cave

(Spain), the megalithic monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury (England). The cultural

heritage of Ancient Greece includes the ruins of the city of Delphi, the ensemble of the

Acropolis of Athens, the archaeological sites of Delos, the monasteries of Meteora, the

city of Rhodes, etc. The cultural heritage of Ancient Rome includes the Villa Adriana at

Tivoli, the Villa Romana del Casale, the archaeological areas of Pompeii and Herculaneum,

ancient Syracuse, etc. The cultural heritage of Medieval Europe includes Speyer Cathedral

(Germany), Chartres Cathedral. The cultural heritage of the Renaissance includes the

historical center of Florence (Italy), Venice, Rome, Verona, Siena, Pisa, the Church of

Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper", etc. The cultural heritage of the modern

age includes the ensemble of the Palace and Park of Versailles, the palaces and parks of

Potsdam and Berlin. The cultural heritage of the contemporary age includes the work of

Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Le Havre (France), the architectural work of Le Corbusier, the

Rhaetian Railway in the Albula, as well as the Auschwitz concentration camp, which was

added to the World Heritage List not because of its architectural significance, but for the

memory of cruel acts in order to attract the attention of young generations to the

problems of Nazism and discrimination (World Heritage list, UNESCO).

European cultural sites also occupy a significant part (a quarter) of the UNESCO

intangible cultural heritage list. These include, for example, Flamenco dance (Spain),

French cuisine (France), beer culture (Belgium), falconry (Austria), etc. The intangible

heritage list is aimed at overcoming the extinction of local cultures and strengthening the

role of traditions and customs, because unlike tangible monuments that can be restored,

intangible ones can disappear by nature (Intangible World Heritage list, UNESCO).

Human activity often has a negative impact on world cultural heritage sites. The list of

world heritage in danger is expanding due to human actions, such as economic activity

or environmental conditions. With regard to this problem in the European region, in 2016

the question arose of removing the city of Vienna from the UNESCO World Heritage List

due to the violation of height restrictions, which is now a common problem for many

cities with a historical center. It was also demanded that the city authorities of Prague

reconsider their plans for the construction of high-rise buildings, which could disrupt the

architectural ensemble of the city center and jeopardize being on the list. In 2009,

UNESCO excluded the city of Dresden from the world cultural heritage list due to the fact

that the city authorities decided to build a transport bridge over the River Elbe, thereby

disrupting the historical appearance of the city

2. International and European legislation in the field of cultural heritage

protection

International legislation in the field of the protection of cultural heritage monuments

develops ethical and legal principles for state activities, calls for cooperation between

Dresden removed from UNESCO World Heritage List (2009). (online). Available at

https://www.bbc.com/russian/rolling_news/2009/06/090625_rn_dresden_unesco.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

221

state structures and civil society institutions, and encourages the protection of cultural

heritage in order to maintain sustainable development.

The UNESCO World Heritage List is a register of cultural monuments, each of which meets

one or more criteria. The status of a World Heritage Site provides the following

advantages: raising the level of culture in the region; serving as an additional guarantee

of preservation; increasing the prestige of the territory; promoting the popularization of

objects and ensuring the influx of tourists and investments; providing adequate

financing; ensuring control over the condition of the sites.

The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and

Natural Heritage is of fundamental importance in the protection of tangible cultural

heritage. The Convention defines cultural heritage as monuments (architectural works,

works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological

nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of

outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science), groups of

buildings, and sites that are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic,

ethnological or anthropological point of view (UNESCO Convention, 1972).

A UNESCO document devoted to intangible cultural heritage is the Convention for the

Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003. According to the Convention, the

“intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions,

knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces

associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals

recognize as part of their cultural heritage. The intangible cultural heritage also includes

oral traditions and expressions, including language, and performing arts. It should be

noted that not all European countries have acceded to this convention: the UK still does

not consider this a priority (UNESCO Convention, 2003).

Going forward, we should turn to the legislative framework of the Council of Europe. It

begins with the European Cultural Convention of 1954, the purpose of which was to

develop mutual understanding among the peoples of Europe and reciprocal appreciation

of their cultural diversity, to safeguard European culture, and to promote national

contributions to European common cultural heritage (European Cultural Convention,

1954).

Later, in 1985, the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage

was adopted in Granada, the main purpose of which was to strengthen and promote the

policy of preserving Europe’s heritage. The document also reaffirmed the need for

European solidarity regarding the preservation of heritage and was called upon to

facilitate practical cooperation between the Parties. In 1992, the document was revised,

and a new “European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage” was

signed in Valetta, Malta. It established a new basic legal standard for Europe, which

should be consistent with national policies for the protection of archaeological assets as

sources of scientific and documentary evidence, in accordance with the principles of

integrated conservation (European Convention, 1992).

The Council of Europe’s latest document on cultural heritage is the 2005 Framework

Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, signed in Faro, Portugal. The

aim of the Faro Convention is to draw international attention to cultural heritage as a

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

222

broad and cross-disciplinary concept that focuses on people and human values, to outline

the basic principles of the approach to cultural heritage, and to emphasize “the value and

potential of cultural heritage wisely used as a resource for sustainable development and

quality of life in a constantly evolving society.” The Convention calls on us to recognize

that sites and places alone are not what is important about cultural heritage. They are

important because of the meanings and uses that people attach to them (Faro

Convention, 2005).

The role of the European Commission is based on Article 3.3 of the Lisbon Treaty, which

states that the Union “shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity and shall

ensure that Europe’s cultural heritage is safeguarded and enhanced.” The Treaty on the

Functioning of the European Union gives the Commission specific tasks to contribute to

the flourishing of cultures in the Member States, while respecting their diversity and

bringing “the common cultural heritage to the fore” (Article 167). The role of the

European Union is to support and complement the actions of the Member States in

preserving and safeguarding Europe’s cultural heritage. The Commission has developed

a number of relevant strategies and programs, and also supports and encourages policy

cooperation between the Member States and heritage stakeholders (Lisbon Treaty,

2007).

During the recent presidency of the EU, some countries have been actively discussing

cultural heritage issues. At the conference on the “Cultural Heritage and the EU 2020

Strategy - towards an Integrated Approach” in 2013, the Lithuanian Presidency put

forward the concept of local and civil society participation in cultural heritage issues and

the need to include public opinion in all areas of cultural policy. In the first half of 2014,

the Greek Presidency organized a conference linking cultural heritage with sustainable

economic and social development in the EU. In the second half of 2015, the Luxembourg

Presidency responded to the destruction of World Heritage Sites in Iraq and Syria,

including the destruction of cultural heritage and the trafficking of its artifacts as a means

of financing terrorist activities. In March 2017, the EU adopted the Rome Declaration,

which defined the preservation of cultural heritage, together with the promotion of

cultural diversity, as an element of a social Europe. In the second half of 2017, the

Estonian Presidency devoted its activities to cultural heritage in the digital age.

In May 2014, EU Ministers for Culture called for the “mainstreaming of cultural heritage

in national and European policies” and “the development of a strategic approach to

cultural heritage.” Responding to this call, in July 2014, the European Commission

adopted a Communication: “Towards an Integrated Approach to Cultural Heritage for

Europe” (Communication from the Commission, 2014).

3. Contemporary EU initiatives for the protection and promotion of

cultural heritage

Currently, there are three EU programs specifically dedicated to cultural heritage: the

European Heritage Days, the European Heritage Label, and the EU Prize for Cultural

Heritage.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

223

The European Heritage Days is the most widely celebrated cultural event in Europe, which

takes place every year in September. The Council of Europe began its initiative in 1985,

which later became a joint action organized with the EU. In both organizations, the

program is recognized as one of the main flagship initiatives and an example of successful

cooperation at the European, national, regional and local levels (European Heritage

Days).

The European Heritage Label is a prototype of the World Heritage List, but at the

European level. This distinguishing label marks European cultural heritage sites, which is

a recognition awarded to buildings, documents, museums, archives, monuments or

events that are considered as milestones in the creation of modern Europe. The program

is managed by the European Commission (European Heritage Label).

The EU Prize for Cultural Heritage was launched in 2002 by the European Commission in

partnership with the Europe Nostra organization (a pan-European federation created to

promote and safeguard Europe’s cultural heritage). The award recognizes and promotes

the best cultural heritage preservation activities, management, research, education and

communications in this area. It is designed to attract public attention to cultural issues

and is aimed at recognizing cultural heritage as a strategic resource of European society.

During its existence, organizations and individuals from 39 countries submitted a total of

2,883 applications for the Prize. As for the number of applications by country, Spain ranks

first, with 516 projects, followed by Italy, with 296 entries, and the UK, with 289

applications (EU Prize for Cultural Heritage).

The EU officially declared 2018 as the European Year of Cultural Heritage. The aim of this

initiative is to raise awareness of the opportunities that cultural heritage brings to

European communities, mainly in terms of intercultural dialogue, social cohesion and

economic growth. From June 18 to June 24, 2018, the European Cultural Heritage

Summit was held in Berlin. This Summit, with the motto “Sharing Heritage – Sharing

Values,” was recognized by the European Union as one of the key public events of the

European Year of Cultural Heritage. The key initiatives within the framework of the Year

are based on such ideas as engagement, sustainability, protection and innovation

(European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018).

4. The “common good” theory and participatory governance of European

cultural heritage

The great importance of the community’s participation in the preservation of cultural

heritage is confirmed by a wide range of literature, including scientific research and

institutional conventions. However, there is no comprehensive definition for a

“community”, as the interpretation of this word varies according to different contexts.

Community can be defined as “a people with common interests living in a certain area”

or “a body of persons having a common history or common social, economic, and political

interests” (Participatory governance, 2015).

In the World Heritage Convention, the word “community” is used interchangeably with

“international community”, “local and regional governments”, “present and future

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

224

generations of all humanity”, “local communities, non-governmental organizations and

other interested parties”, the general public, civil society, and the local population.

The Council of Europe’s Faro Convention suggested the notion of “heritage community”

to refer to people “who value specific aspects of cultural heritage which they wish, within

the framework of public action, to sustain and transmit to future generations.” Members

of a civil society as a whole can constitute a “heritage community” if they mutually

perceive cultural heritage as an emotional and intellectual platform on which individual

and community values are built. Community is essentially valuable, as the cohesion of

people ascribes a common interest.

European cultural heritage must be considered from the point of view of the common

good theory, since ultimately it belongs to humanity, European society, and is managed

by cultural heritage institutions for future generations of Europeans.

In a general sense, the term "common good" describes a specific "good" that is shared

by everybody and beneficial. The common good does not belong to anyone; it is common,

but beneficial for everybody (Starr, 2013).

Historic city centers, monuments, local museums, parks, and landscapes benefit the

community, can be key to local development, helping to improve the quality of life of this

community, and, ultimately, provide integration, social cohesion and develop a sense of

belonging.

Cultural heritage, which is a common good for the entire European community, needs to

be governed, and in this regard, it is necessary to refer to the term “participatory

governance”, or as commonly called in the Russian tradition, “public-private partnership”,

that is, the paradigm of the participation of citizens and communities in issues affecting

them.

Participatory governance is to strengthen relations between cultural heritage sites and

professionals, as well as everyone interested in cultural heritage. The participatory

governance of tangible, intangible, and digital cultural heritage is an innovative

sustainable approach that makes a real contribution to the governance and valuation of

cultural heritage.

The Council of the European Union in its “Conclusions on the Participatory Governance of

Cultural Heritage” of November 2014 called for the participation of the public and private

sectors at all levels of decision-making. It also called for “increased cooperation among

EU Member States in order to identify and disseminate best practices on bottom-up

approaches for joint inclusive management of cultural heritage.”

The document invites Member States “to develop multilevel and multi-stakeholder

governance frameworks which recognize cultural heritage as a shared resource by

strengthening the links between the local, regional, national and European levels of

governance of cultural heritage, with due respect to the principle of subsidiarity, so that

benefits for people are envisaged at all levels; promote the involvement of relevant

stakeholders by ensuring that their participation is possible at all stages of the decision-

making process; promote governance frameworks which recognize the importance of the

interaction between tangible, intangible and digital cultural heritage and which address,

respect and enhance its social, cultural, symbolic, economic and environmental values;

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

225

promote governance frameworks that facilitate the implementation of cross-cutting

policies, enabling cultural heritage to contribute to objectives in different policy areas,

including to smart, sustainable and inclusive growth…” (Conclusions on the Participatory,

2014).

European states recognize the importance of protecting historical and cultural

monuments and pursue an active policy in this area, based on the concept of participatory

governance.

Italy, being the leader in the number of monuments of cultural heritage, gives their

protection one of the priorities in cultural policy. The country has created a system of

state bodies and institutes for heritage protection: the Ministry for Cultural Assets and

Environments (transformed into the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities), the

Ministry of Public Works on Restoration of Objects, the Ministry of Tourism, and the

Ministry of Civil Protection.

Attracting private investment to heritage protection is widely used in the country. About

60% of Italy's national property is privately owned. Sponsors are banks, enterprises and

insurance companies. The successful experience of cooperation has prompted

government agencies to create such structural units of governance as mixed private-

state funds. Public organizations, such as the Italia Nostra, which has been operating

since 1955 to protect cultural monuments, play a large role in the cultural heritage

government system (Mironova, 2009).

An example of a successful public-private partnership in Italy is the protection of the

World Heritage Site ‘The Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre

Annunziata’. These archaeological areas, buried by the eruption of Vesuvius, were for a

long time in state ownership and governance, regulated by a centralized state system,

and experienced chronic underfunding. During the reform, the local heritage office

received financial and administrative autonomy from the ministry, which provided

increased funding and reduced bureaucracy. In 2001, a public-private partnership known

as the Herculaneum Conservation Project 79 was implemented, which contributed to the

conservation and governance of the archaeological area. The success of this initiative

brought a number of factors, and the project was based on actions taken by the local

heritage office. The Herculaneum Conservation Project, which is jointly coordinated by

the Packard Humanities Institute, the British School at Rome and the Soprintendenza

Archeologica di Pompei, is engaged in restoration, conservation of organic materials, and

documentation (Hammer, 2015).

The UK offers an original approach to heritage protection. Here a special role is played

by a charitable organization, completely independent of the state, founded in 1895 – The

National Trust. It is based on membership fees, donations and income from various

events. The organization's goal is to safeguard protected areas, farmland, archaeological

remains, nature reserves, villages, historic houses, gardens and even pubs (National

Trust annual report, 2017).

In Germany, the Berlin Museumsinsel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999, is a

good example of the participatory governance of a cultural heritage site. The museum is

the most important institution of cultural heritage, becoming more open and democratic,

less elitist. Berlin is a very modern and rapidly developing city, and the Museumsinsel

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

226

has become one of the centers of its cultural and economic development by attracting

investment. The museum has collaborated with many international companies for its

development: Allianze Group, Bank of America, Merill Lynch, Deutsche Bank. Private

investments in the development of the facility reached 2.8 million euros in 2012

(Ioannou, 2013).

As for the initiatives to preserve European cultural heritage “from below,” one should

mention crowdfunding, the so-called “public funding”, which is a voluntary association of

grassroots for collective cooperation and financing of any projects. In the field of

financing cultural heritage projects through crowdfunding, Europe has made a major

breakthrough in recent years (Crowdfunding in the EU, 2016).

By order of the European Commission, to make the crowdfunding tool more accessible

for cultural and creative projects, the pan-European Internet Crowdfunding4Culture

platform (www.crowdfunding4culture.eu) was created. In France, since 2010, the Ulule

platform has been operating, on the basis of which more than 4,000 cultural projects

have been implemented. Sweden launched CrowdCulture (www.crowdculture.se), Spain

– Goteo (www.goteo.org), Italy – Derev (www.derev.com), Switzerland – Wemakeit

(www.wemakeit.com). In Greece, the Act4Greece platform was launched in 2016 with

the support of the National Bank of Greece. Within the framework of this platform, the

funds were fully collected for the restoration of the Karolos Koun Art Theater.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, one should note that European culture and its values remain the most

important achievement of mankind, which must be simultaneously protected and

developed. Europe has been and remains the leader among the regions of the world in

the number of cultural heritage sites, which is a determining factor for the development

of the European region.

Europe’s cultural heritage is what makes its inhabitants European, as it reflects their

different and common values, culture and history. This is the true embodiment of the

European “unity in diversity”, which nourishes a sense of belonging to the local

community, and a sense of unity and solidarity in Europe. Cultural heritage connects

generations over many centuries of common history, being the basis for a respectful

dialogue of cultures and interaction between communities in Europe and other cultures

of the world. Cultural heritage is also a key factor in the sustainable development and

strengthening of social cohesion; it brings beauty to the environment and, thus, improves

well-being and quality of life.

It is safe to say that the topic of safeguarding European cultural heritage is extremely

relevant, as many initiatives and programs in this area have been implemented precisely

in the last few years.

The key new phenomenon is the concept of participatory governance and a shift from

the understanding that the protection of cultural heritage is only a state prerogative to

the understanding that society should and is interested in participating in the governance

of cultural heritage. Thus, the conceptual basis for the study of European cultural heritage

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

227

should be the “common good theory” and the “grassroots theory”, as the EU legal

documents refer to the “community heritage” categories.

As the recognition of the link between cultural heritage and social well-being is growing,

the call for wider public participation in conservation practices is gaining strength and

momentum. Therefore, the preservation of cultural objects today should be more focused

on serving people and on the dominant role of local communities in influencing decisions.

The joint governance of cultural heritage offers opportunities to promote democratic

participation, sustainability and social cohesion, as well as to solve social, political and

demographic problems; supports the active participation of relevant stakeholders (within

the framework of public actions), that is, government agencies, private actors, civil

society organizations, non-governmental organizations, and volunteers, in decision-

making, planning, developing, monitoring and evaluating cultural heritage policies and

programs to increase the accountability and transparency of investment in public

resources, as well as to strengthen public confidence in political decisions; promotes

awareness of the values of cultural heritage as a shared resource.

References

Bass, S., Dalal-Clayton, B., Pretty, J. (1995). Participation in strategies for sustainable

development. Environmental Planning Issues, 7. London: IIED.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the

European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards

an integrated approach to cultural heritage for Europe. Brussels (2014). (online).

Available at http://ec.europa.eu/culture/library/publications/2014-heritage-

communication_en.pdf

Conclusions on the Participatory Governance of Cultural Heritage of November (2014).

(online). Available at https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-

/publication/8821b9a8-8a6c-11e4-b8a5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.

(online). Available at https://rm.coe.int/1680083746

Crowdfunding in the EU (2016). Crowdfunding in the EU Capital Markets Union.

Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, SWD 154 final (online). Available at

https://ec.europa.eu/info/system/files/crowdfunding-report-03052016_en.pdf

Dresden removed from UNESCO World Heritage List (2009). (online). Available at

https://www.bbc.com/russian/rolling_news/2009/06/090625_rn_dresden_unesco

EU prize for cultural heritage (online). Available at

https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/heritage-prize_en

Eurobarometer Report 466 on Cultural Heritage (2017). (online). Available at

http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Doc

umentKy/80882

Europa Nostra (online). Available at http://www.europanostra.org/

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

228

European Heritage label (online). Available at

https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/heritage-label_en

European Year 2018 of cultural heritage (online). Available at https://europa.eu/cultural-

heritage/

Governance of the world cultural heritage. Information Guide (2013). (online). Available

at https://www.mkrf.ru/upload/mkrf/mkdocs2014/17_12_2014_1.pdf

Hammer, J. (2015). The Fall and Rise and Fall of Pompeii (online). Available at

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fall-rise-fall-pompeii-

180955732/#Q3KUuJfiOtXi6lck.99

ICOMOS (1964). Venice Charter. Venice.

ICOMOS (1990). Charter for the protection and management of the archaeological

heritage. Lausanne.

Ioannou, D. (2013). Transformations of the urban culture and the urban territory

(online). Available a: http://courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/109782/Ioannou.doc

Italia Nostra: associazione Nazionale per la tutela del Patrimonio Storico (online).

Available at www.italianostra.org

Lisbon Treaty (2007). (online). Available at http://eulaw.ru/treaties/lisbon

Little, B., Shackel, P. (2014). Archaeology, Heritage, and Civic Engagement. Working

Toward Public Good, Left Coast Press, Viv Golding and Wayne Modest (eds.), Museums

and Communities: Curators, Collections, and Collaboration, Bloomberg.

Mironova, T.A. (2009). Preservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage as the Main Feature

of Cultural Policy of the European Region Countries: Italy. Knowledge. Understanding.

Skill, 2, pp. 41-48.

Mnatskanyan, R.A., Murashkina, S.I. (1995). The experience of National Trust in the

protection of the natural and cultural heritage of Great Britain. In R. A. Mnatskanyan

(Ed.), Protection of heritage abroad: Past experience and current problems. A collection

of articles. Moscow: Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage, pp. 43-

51.

National trust annual report (2017). (online). Available at

https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/documents/annual-report-201718.pdf

Participatory governance of cultural heritage, 2015. European expert network on culture.

Ad hoc question. April 2015

Starr F. (2013). Corporate responsibility for cultural heritage: Conservation, Sustainable

Development, and Corporate Reputation. Routledge

The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (1992).

(online). Available at

https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documen

tId=090000168007bd4d

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 13, Nº. 1 (May-October 2022), pp. 219-229

Notes

Preservation of European cultural heritage: experience and modern trends

Alexandra Borisovna Egoreichenko

229

The European Cultural Convention (1954). (online). Available at

https://www.coe.int/ru/web/conventions/full-list/-

/conventions/rms/09000016800645e8

UNESCO Convention (1972). UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World

Cultural and Natural Heritage (online). Available at

https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-ru.pdf

UNESCO Convention (2003). Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural

Heritage (online). Available at

http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/cultural_heritage_conv.shtml

World Heritage list (online). Available at www.whl.unesco

World Intangible heritage list (online). Available at https://ich.unesco.org/Intengible

How to cite this note

Egoreichenko, Alexandra Borisovna (2022). Preservation of European Cultural Heritage:

experience and modern trends. In Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. Vol. 13, Nº

1, May-October 2022. Consulted [online] in date pf last visit, https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-

7251.13.1.01