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Thematic dossier 200 years after the Revolution (1820-2020)

December 2021

PATRIOTIC SOCIABILITY AND DEFENCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CAUSE

ANA CRISTINA ARAÚJO

araujo.anacris@sapo.pt

She holds a Ph.D. in Modern and Contemporary History and is Associate Professor with

aggregation at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Coimbra. She is a researcher at the Centre

for the History of Society and Culture (Portugal) and director of the Journal História das Ideias.

She has been dedicated to research in History of Ideas and Culture, 18th and 19th centuries. She

is the author of numerous articles, in national and foreign publications, and of several books,

such as A morte em Lisboa. Atitudes e Representações (1700-1830), Lisbon,1997; A Cultura das

Luzes em Portugal. Temas e Problemas, Lisbon, 2003; and Memórias Políticas de Ricardo

Raimundo Nogueira (1810-1820), Coimbra, 2011. She recently co-coordinated the book Gomes

Freire de Andrade e as Vésperas da Revolução de 1820, Lisbon, 2018 and collective works of

reference about the University in Pombal´s period.

Abstract

The philosophical modernity of the Enlightenment contributed to change cultural agents and

international knowledge networks. The European agents and values of eighteenth-century

intellectual communication were expanded and secularized. New forms of intellectual and

patriotic sociability emerged in the public sphere. In this context, sociability was marked by

the establishment of philanthropic, economic and patriotic associations. This study highlights

the importance of three associations created and imagined in the late 18th and early 19th

centuries: the Sociedade dos Mancebos Patriotas of Coimbra (1780); the Montepio Literário

(1813); and the Sociedade Patriótica Literária de Lisboa (1822).

Keywords

Enlightenment, Sociability, Patriotic Societies, Philanthropy

How to cite this article

Araújo, Ana Cristina (2021). Patriotic sociability and defence of the constitutional cause.

Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. VOL12 N2, TD1 - Thematic dossier 200 years

after the Revolution (1820-2020), December 2021. Consulted [online] in date of the last

visit, https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.DT0121.5

Article received on em June 21, 2021 and accepted for publication on July 29, 2021

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Patriotic sociability and defence of the constitutional cause

Ana Cristina Araújo

PATRIOTIC SOCIABILITY AND DEFENCE OF THE

CONSTITUTIONAL CAUSE

ANA CRISTINA ARAÚJO

In the period between the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th

century, significant changes occurred in Portugal’s agents and mechanisms of literary,

cultural, scientific and political sociability. The Enlightenment encouraged new

perceptions of encyclopaedia culture and philosophy. Access to foreign publications

through the clandestine circulation of books, periodicals, literary and theatre novelties,

in cities such as Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra, led to the creation of a diversified set of

associative institutions (Araújo, 2003). In Portugal, as in other European countries,

participation and interaction characterized leisure spaces, literary gatherings and

philosophical sessions attended by cultural elites and educated men and women

(Chartier, 1990). Social interaction and awareness of current issues by these social

groups reflected changes in knowledge appropriating and sharing in cosmopolitan cultural

circles, events and meetings that were marginal to court traditional interactions and

academic sessions (Araújo, 2017a).

Therefore, modern sociability was felt differently in intellectual associations with a

markedly pedagogical repertoire. This was the case in the literary, scientific and military

academies, economic societies like the Sociedade Económica dos Bons Compatriotas

Amigos do Bem Público (Economic Society of Good Compatriots Friends of the Public

Good) of Ponte de Lima, aimed at local economic and educational development. It was

also seen in more or less anonymous meetings in cafés, bars and public areas, where the

politicization of debates was evident from the beginning of the 19th century.

In large cities, besides these conversation places exposed to onlookers and to spies or

agents of the General Police Department, there were also literary salons. The best known

were organised by the Marquise of Alorna. There were private and public gatherings,

Masonic lodges, patriotic societies, reading rooms, the Public Library of Lisbon created in

1796, and other libraries with more controlled access, but visited by interested people

and scholars from various social backgrounds.

These places enabled growing forms of sociability almost always associated with

mundane, philosophical and political concerns, leading to a new urban sociocultural

Article translated by Carolina Peralta.

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Patriotic sociability and defence of the constitutional cause

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morphology, especially in Lisbon. They dismantled the traditional coexistence areas of

the elites, giving a more interclass nature to educational and recreational associations.

Despite the differences between the aforementioned associations and institutions -

organized or informal, spontaneous or exclusive, secret or public, with or without the

support of the king or a patron- in most the members aimed at progress and cultural

modernization. At the heart of a renewed conviviality, shaped by secular concerns of the

philosophical and scientific horizon of the second half of the 18th century in the distinct

literary and academic scenes, “individuals looked for a place, more than just devoted to

leisure, where they could think, debate and criticize freely. Free from the usual measures

and conventions they had to follow, such as at the Court or the University, they update

their interests and redefine, as actors, the public sphere they fit in" (Silva, 2020: 27).

As Maria Alexandre Lousada states, these new meeting and discussion spaces acted as

authentic “social laboratories” and proved to be essential for the emergence of public

political participation in the early 1800s, under the auspices of the French Revolution

(Lousada, 2017: 319).

It is not possible to briefly evaluate the organization and meeting models of these

associations, nor the result of their hard work. However, it is easy to see that many

started with discussions in circles of friends on topics related to public improvement

projects, philanthropic and educational works. The more enlightened minds considered

that friendship and philanthropy converged towards improving the human race, inspiring

action influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment (Ramos, 1988: 99).

In this context, the altruistic contribution of a few for the good of all led to the emergence

of the friends of the common good societies, also known as patriotic societies. Their

programmes showed that civil mobilization was determined by the correlation between

education, philanthropy, scientific dissemination and promotion of economic activity. In

Portugal, the model was inspired by the robust Spanish sociedades economicas de los

amigos del pais.

The expansion of economic societies began in the Basque Country with the Vascongada

Society (1764), and had the strong support of Minister Campomanes.

In Portugal, economic societies comprising good patriots had a new understanding of

scientific culture and its usefulness for the well-being of the nation. They had a renewed

vision of patriotism, no longer anchored in warlike deeds, in ancestors and great honours,

but in territorial belonging, social presence and active participation in the life of the

community. In practical terms, it was patriotism based on the involvement of each for

the good of all and for the economic development of the country (Catroga, 2013).

In 1770s and 1780s, there were several attempts to create establish patriotic societies

in Minho, Elvas, Douro, Valença and Évora (Cardoso, 1989: 110; Vaz, 2002: 222). Only

Sociedade Económica dos Bons Compatriotas Amigos do Bem Público (Economic Society

of Good Compatriots Friends of the Public Good) of Ponte de Lima, founded in 1779-

1780, operated regularly. It aimed to promote Agriculture in all its branches, the Arts

and Industry. It intended to set up a library with economics works, publish books and

found patriotic schools, free of charge, to teach crafts, such as weaving and bleaching

linen. It aimed to acquire machinery, agricultural tools, seeds and plants, and to grant

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Ana Cristina Araújo

pecuniary prizes to those who solved problems relating to the various branches of

agriculture.

With an ambitious programme, the Sociedade Económica de Ponte de Lima, like other

projects, ended up foundering due to the lack of solid social support base. Its vice-

president, born in Ponte de Lima, was the enlightened minister António de Araújo de

Azevedo, future Count of Barca, whose reformist goals never really took off but still

influenced the creation of other similar associations. The attempt to set up the Sociedade

dos Mancebos Patriotas Estabelecida em Coimbra no ano de 1780 debaixo da Real

Protecção de sua Alteza o Serenissimo Senhor Principe do Brazil (Society of Young

Patriots Established in Coimbra in 1780 under the Royal Protection of His Highness the

Prince of Brazil), whose Literary Statutes we have analysed (Araújo, 2017b), deserves

special mention.

Coming from academia and conceived by a group of students, this economic association

sought to incorporate and take further the scientific spirit, based on the technical-

experimental and rationalist matrix that presided over Pombal’s reform of the University

of Coimbra (1772). Guided by the certainty that education and dissemination of scientific

knowledge was imperative, the young members of this association intended to establish

an organization focused on the natural sciences and active in the development of regional

production. They aimed to create a patriotic society to raise the awareness of the citizens

of the kingdom's provinces to the social utility of technical-scientific knowledge. The Text

that accompanied the Literary and Economic Statutes of the Society stated that “the

young scholars, sons of the University, focused on Natural Sciences [...] will swear that

in future they will offer the Homeland the efforts of their talents”

The society that “resulted from the votes of good citizens” recommended that “unity,

simplicity in behaviour, sincerity in consultations and conferences” be practiced in its

activities and public and private meetings

. Among other activities related to the

collection of Natural History samples, the promotion of crops appropriate to the soils and

the development of local manufactures, the partners should regularly produce scientific

writings on the field work to be undertaken. They had the translation of several

educational works consistent with this and other patriotic projects. A few titles from this

modern and specialized library of economic and patriotic texts included the Discourse on

the Education and Promotion of Artists (Educação e Fomento dos Artistas) (1774) by

Camponanes, published in different Portuguese versions, explaining the educational

model practiced in Spain for the promotion of economic activities. But other texts

circulated in Portugal in the 1780s, as shown by the translations and articles published

in the Miscellanea Curioza e Proveitoza between 1781 and 1785 (Nunes, 2001: 55-61);

the references to the Economic Society of Bern, created in 1766, made by José António

de Sá in Compendio de Observaçoens que formão o plano de Viagem Politica e Filosofica

que se deve fazer dentro da Patria (1783), by Vilalobos e Vasconcelos in Elementos de

Polícia Geral de Hum Estado (1786-1787); and the translation by Francisco Xavier do

Rego Aranha of Elementos de Agricultura fundados sobre os mais sólidos princípios da

razão, e da experiência, para uso das pessoas do campo, que mereceram o premio da

Sociedade Economica de Berne em 1774 por Mr. Bertrand, published in Lisbon in 1788.

ANTT, Real Mesa Censória, no. 702.

ANTT, Real Mesa Censória, no. 702, pp. 26-27.

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The s book dates back to the foundation and/or re-foundation of the Sociedade dos

Mancebos Patriotas de Coimbra, whose life cycle was between 1780 and 1785, as per the

handwritten text of its Statutes. As Manuel Henrique de Paiva, the publisher, explained

in the dedication and remarks to this edition, the translation of that work, whose author

was a Protestant pastor and a member of the Society of Bern, had been carried out by

“bachelor FX Aranha (...) when he studied jurisprudence and natural history at the

University of Coimbra: and having handed it to me to do as I pleased, I saw it as a work

of great use to the Public, publishing it with some notes that clarified the topic" (Araújo,

2017b: 114-115).

Despite its institutional and educational nature, the Sociedade dos Mancebos Patriotas

Estabelecida em Coimbra Coimbra did not come off the ground, as the students involved

ended up being tried in 1781 following accusations of errant and wanton conduct. They

were Manuel Henriques de Paiva, Vicente Seabra da Silva Teles, Francisco José de

Almeida, Francisco de Melo Franco, António de Moraes Silva, and Pereira Caldas, among

other students (Ramos, 2001: 311-326).

Also linked to public education, but with an eminently philanthropic purpose, another

association emerged in 1813. It was the Monte Pio privativo dos professores e mestres

da Corte, which only started to function regularly from 1816 onwards (Araújo, 2021).

Montepio was formed by a group of royal professors with the purpose of remedying the

progressive impoverishment of the class and responding to the difficulties experienced

during the French invasions (1807-1811) and the post-war period. The association was

based on a philanthropic and mutualist programme aimed at a wide range of members

and families of teachers and educated men.

The founders of Montepio sought to ensure, voluntarily and freely, decent survival

conditions in old age for a considerable group of individuals who stood higher than the

rest of population by mastering written culture, but whose material resources were

manifestly low. The initiative to set up this patriotic and mutualist association thus

replicated the original meaning of other mutualist and charitable associations in Europe,

as evidenced by the association's statutes.

The Montepio Literário project was conceived by Joaquim Lemos Seixas Castel-Branco,

royal primary education teacher in Lisbon, knight of the order of Christ and owner of

Colégio dos Cardaes de Jesus, which he founded in 1815.

Joaquim de Seixas Castel-Branco was an enlightened man. He had a subscription of

Annaes das Sciencias, das Artes e das Letras, an exile newspaper published in Paris by

Solano Constâncio, and based his pedagogical activity on the humanitarian and

philanthropic ideals of the Enlightenment. He was also a supporter of British liberal

constitutionalism. Before launching, with other supporters, the Montepio Literário project,

in 1809 he published a pamphlet entitled (Breve mas circunstanciada noticia do governo

e constituição da Grã-Bretanha, com huma noticia geral de todas as revoluções que tem

acontecido aos reis e á nação/Brief but detailed news of the government and constitution

of Great Britain, with general information of all the revolutions that have happened to

kings and the nation). To our knowledge, this is the first writing containing explicit

support of the English constitutional model published in Portugal. Therefore, this

ideological reference was not indifferent to the mutualist sociability paradigm of Joaquim

Lemos Seixas Castel-Branco, which, as a result of his intellectual preparation, ended up

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being publicly supported in the context of the Napoleonic wars and the international crisis

of the early 19th century.

Regarding the Montepio’s statutes, the approval of this association was initially signed

by just over 130 teachers and educated men. Montepio membership applicants were

asked to confirm their profession, address and age. If they were not teachers, they had

to present a certificate of vitae et moribus issued by the parish priest. All members had

to be virtuous and hardworking individuals, discreet and respectful of the commitment

read in the registration act and on which they had taken an oath upon admission. Once

registered, they had the status of compromissários. They made an initial financial

payment and paid a monthly fee to Montepio, in order to secure a subsidy, in case of

illness and job loss in old age, or an amount due upon death for their widows and orphans.

Upon registration, members had to indicate the names of direct family members who

statutorily could benefit from the association's coffer.

Montepio brought together numerous educated minds. Some of its members were

freemasons, such as António Maria do Couto (Marques, 1990: 342) and, most likely,

some associates maintained contacts with the group of conspirators that met in Rua do

Salitre, on the eve of the Gomes Freire de Andrade’s conspiracy.

Due to its mutualist, social and cultural purposes, this association foreshadowed the

emergence of a secularized pattern of sociability and new philanthropic concerns in

society. Freely, voluntarily and through a system of contributions, it offered its members

several types of mutual assistance, including a retirement pension granted to members

and their widows through the creation of a financial fund.

Other important aspects to mention include: Montepio branched out throughout the

country. It had its headquarters in Lisbon and delegations in the provinces. It was a

secularized association formed by free and philanthropic men, with a philosophy different

from the charity model of the religious brotherhoods. Its statutes forbade the associates

to wear, in their annual celebration, religious attire, cape or insignia of another

brotherhoods. The statutes also considered the “construction of a college of education”

for orphans of the members and to be a shelter for their widows and unmarried

daughters, which was never created (Couto 1816: 27). With the aim of doing good and

educating the members, the Literary Office was later created in 1821. It was adjacent

to the premises of the mutualist establishment in the same common space in Rua dos

Douradores, 31.

In the first five years of Montepio's operation, the number of members increased

continuously. By 1821, in Lisbon alone, around a thousand individuals had applied for

membership (Couto 1821: 11). Despite its mobilization power and social appeal, the

mutualist association went through financial difficulties. Soon after the start of the

Provisional Board of the Supreme Government of the Kingdom in the capital, one of its

first public acts was to appoint Manuel Fernandes Tomás Montepio Literário “honorary

member”

. The recognition of one of the most influential political figures of the liberal

movement denotes the support of the mutualist association for the new regime.

ANTT, Ministério do Reino, bundle 360, docs. 6 and 8. The document, sealed and dated 1 October 1820, is

signed by the deputy magistrate Joaquim José Ferreira de Carvalho, Treasurer José António Monteiro and

secretary Caetano Pedro da Silva. The letter justifying this gracious concession is also signed by the general

prosecutor António Maria do Couto.

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New rules were made during the liberal triennium to be followed in the institution, which

was renamed “Monte Pio Nacional”

. These norms entailed continuities and changes, the

most relevant being the one that gave women access to Montepio, with the status of

benefactors

Although the recommendations of the Montepio Literário administrative Committee

created by the liberal executive, were not followed, the philanthropic and humanitarian

concerns of the political class widened the debate, giving it an interclass character and

calling the participation of women in the mutualist association to the fore.

In the context of the 1820 revolution, patriotic and political sociability spread. Many of

these active areas of convergence of citizens committed to regime change originated in

Masonic and Para-Masonic institutions in the areas of culture, charity, journalistic activity

and parliamentary politics (Gil Novales, 1975). According to A. H de Oliveira Marques,

the “majority of patriotic societies created in Portugal in 1820-23 (about 18) and then,

in 1834-42, “had Masonic origins”. He does not equate them with lodges but considers

them Para-Masonic organizations (Marques, 1997: 267).

The most important patriotic society of this period was officially founded in Lisbon (2-1-

1822) and had 269 members. It was the Sociedade Literária Patriótica (Patriotic Literary

Society), which had its origin linked to the Gabinete de Leitura e Composição, Gabinete

Literário, fundado por uma Associação de Patriotas Portugueses (Reading and Writing

Office, Literary Office, founded by an Association of Portuguese Patriots) to gather and

undertake all efforts in favour of Liberdade pela mais perfeita Constituição

(Freedom for

the most perfect Constitution).

José Portelli, who was directly involved in the creation and functioning of Montepio

Literário, was one of the founders of Sociedade Literária Patriótica, and of Gabinete de

Leitura e Composição

. Accordingly, we believe that both institutions were the product of

the same idea, as stated by Adrien Balbi in the Essai Statistique Sur Le Royaume De

Portugal Et D'Algarve. This text associates the “members qui formaient le cabinet

littéraire de Lisbonne, établi en 1821”, with the “Académie littéraire, sous le titre de

Sociedade Literária Patriotica de Lisboa” (Balbi, 1822: 1-19).

Benefiting from the freedom to meet and communicate that the new regime had enabled,

the Gabinete de Leitura e Composição initially had an activity plan with a clear liberal

political orientation, more inspired by the model of patriotic societies than by the

traditional cabinets de lecture (in France ) or the circulating libraries (in the UK). The

Gabinete’s founders wanted their project to support an orderly and enlightened civic

education process, whose main intention would be firmar a Liberdade pela mais perfeita

Constituição (establish Freedom according to the most perfect Constitution).

ANTT, Ministério do Reino, bundle 360, doc. 9, pp. 63- 68v – Coleção de Regras para o regimen do Monte

Pio Nacional.

ANTT, Ministério do Reino, bundle 360, doc. 9, pp. 64v-65 – Coleção de Regras para o regimen do Monte

Pio Nacional.

Little is known about the uncertain evolution of Montepio. It will have survived with increased difficulties

until it became extinct due to a total lack of credit before the end of the second decade of the 19th century.

O Portuguez Constitucional, no. 37, 4 November 1820.

As attested in Gazeta Universal no. 30, 7 February 1822, p. 2, which reads: “\M. R. P. Portelli, Father and

founder of the Soc., whose idea he authored, and for the foundations of which he laid a cornerstone in his

Literary Office”.

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To this end, they found it necessary to ensure, first, the observance of conditions

indispensable to the support and consolidation of Sociedade Literária Patriótica that was

created out of the Gabinete de Leitura e Composição. Thus, they guaranteed, through

member subscription, the financial viability of the patriotic society and made all efforts

to define an ideological education programme for civil society. Among the society's

working requirements, the international character given to the activities of the members

stood out. They should maintain regular contact with foreigners by reading Spanish,

Italian, English and French newspapers and periodicals, and foster a close relationship

with liberal agents in those countries. Thus, the Sociedade Literária Patriótica actively

participated in what Maurizio Izabella called the Liberal International of southern Europe

at the time of the Restoration.

The Sociedade Literária Patriótica had a literary office with reading rooms, planned to

publish original works and translated works and published a newspaper. This was an

ambition common to other similar organizations, namely the Sociedade Patriótica

Constitucional and the Gabinete de Minerva. However, it did not manage to materialize

that goal.

The newspaper of the Sociedade Literária Patriótica was generalist. It contained a series

of articles on politics, art, industry, commerce, economics, science, history, and

literature. It frequently disclosed the subjects discussed at Sociedade Literária meetings,

which took place weekly. It reported and commented on the most recent international

political events (with emphasis on the advances of the Santa Aliança and the

independence claims of the Brazilian parliament members) and published laws, decrees,

ordinances, as well as extracts from the sessions of the Cortes.

Five members were responsible for writing the newspaper. They included Almeida Garrett

and Nuno Álvares Pereira Pato Moniz, who were responsible for the newspaper's editorial

office (Balbi, 1822: 2-138), although no article published in Sociedade Literária

newspaper had the author’s name.

The newspaper was biweekly and its writers intended to publish supplements about the

Constitution and Freedom. We find articles on these themes, such as the famous text

entitled: Dos amigos e inimigos da patria e da Constituição (On friends and enemies of

the country and the Constitution) written to strengthen support for the constitutional

cause and to reproach all those who tarnished the leys fundamentaes ou Constituição do

estado (fundamental laws or the Constitution of the state)

As emphasized by Maria Carlos Radich and Diana Silva, the analysis of its members shows

its undeniable bourgeois nature (Radich 1982: 2-125; Silva, 2020: 102-103). In total,

about 40% of the members were directly linked to trade and productive activities.

Furthermore, 33% of the members of Sociedade Literária Patriótica were Freemasons

(Marques, 1997: 270).

The sociological and cultural characteristics of the association were in line with the

transformation of practices and spaces of sociability that took place in Portuguese society

in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century. The civic patriotism of these emerging

organizations was correlated with the rise of certain social groups. They stood out for

their education or for being rich and sought to gain prestige and political influence in the

Jornal da Sociedade Literária Patriótica, vol. 1, pp. 234 and following.

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space of intellectual interaction and leisure. In this context, one can see the impact that

patriotic societies had on the bourgeoisie, mobilizing it to support liberalism and to

develop the civic and political spirit indispensable to the preservation of the constitutional

regime. To a large extent, the public credit of the Sociedade Literária Patriótica also

involved the discussion, clarification and communication of everything that was discussed

in the 1820 Cortes.

Finally, it is also interesting to note that it was precisely under the guidance of one of the

Society's members, João Damásio Roussado Gorjão, with the likely collaboration of other

colleagues, that the famous work of electoral propaganda, Galeria dos deputados das

Cortes Geraes Extraordinarias e Constituintes da Nação Portuguesa, was written,

referring to the first period of liberalism and published for public information, on the eve

of the elections for the second legislature of the Cortes.

REFERENCES

Sources

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Rey et Gravier Libraires, 2 vols.

COUTO, Antonio Maria do (1821). Manifesto, ou Memoria Historica do Monte Pio

Litterario, Offerecida por parte da Meza, que o administra ao Congresso Nacional. Lisboa:

Na Impressão Alcobia.

Jornal da Sociedade Literária Patriótica de Lisboa, Lisboa: na Typographia Rollandiana,

1822, vols. 1 and 2.

O Portuguez Constitucional, no. 37, 4 November 1820.

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